Business Driven Information Systems Free Essays

1. Do you agree or disagree with Friedman’s assessment that the world is flat? Be sure to justify your answer. I don’t fully agree with Friedman’s vision of the â€Å"flat World†. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Driven Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though I think we are more connected and informed than ever. According to me I feel Friedman’s views and research is mostly concerning the developed countries focusing on business and targeting the cooperate world. Today technology, telecommunications has definitely helped people around the world to be closer. But Friedman’s does not mention the less fortunate countries where the globalization is still a far dream. I feel Friedman’s analysis is a good fit for the rich and developed countries, where World has changed to a â€Å"global village†. 2. What are the potential impacts of a flat world for a student performing a job search? Today’s educated youth has all the potential and access to the world of technology at their fingertips. They can easily change to the growing job demands and are ready for job changes as needed. They sure got to have good education as the competition is high in today’s economy. I don’t think it’s difficult to find a job; it depends on how open you are to change in the new world of job opportunities and choose the best option. . What can students do to prepare themselves for competing in a flat world? Students can equip themselves for this competitive World by acquiring good education. Be updated in the field of your study and keep yourself open to news and updates. The coffee shop business is mainly framed in 2 mainstreams. Fi rst group is the major players like Starbucks, Seattle’s Best Coffee, Dietrich, Brewsters, New World, Gloria Gears, which can be denoted as Specialty Brands. Second group contains One-Store coffee shops like The Broadway Cafe. These are generally local, small businesses. The coffee shop industry possesses a very high intensified competition on all players: both Specialty Brand and One-Store Coffee Shops. The main reasons that contribute to the high competition are †¢ The number of shops is huge (hoovers. com) †¢ Competitors are selling same or similar products, including specialty coffees as well as high quality foods. †¢ The fixed cost portion constitutes a high portion of the cost structure. Companies should sell more products to cover these costs, which increases competition. How to cite Business Driven Information Systems, Papers

The Principles of Management

Question: a) What challenges facing a manager of a business in the twenty first century? b) Describe the resources that you consider vital for a manager in dealing successfully with these challenges? Answer: Part A: Case Introduction Case 1: All things Chocolate Lind realized that there are successes in small business. Having resigned from the profession as a teacher, she started a chocolate business. From the small start, she progressed until she modernized her apparatus with modern gadgets. In business, she diversified products and all her products were selling. In the process, she changes the location of the business by relocating to another region. The business thrived very well and this permitted her to invest as well in equipments for making chocolates. It was to empower other upcoming entrepreneurs with new modern equipment. Case 2: Indians Enron The reputation of IT corporations in India got questioned. Satyan reputation affected other It firms owing to its fraudulent acts. It led to other Indian companies losing governance and management credibility. Even though other firms are arguing that it is only one company that should carry its own burden, the regulators in the market have a lot to question in the company together with the price-water-house coopers that made the audit. Case3: Travelling the world Sawada ventures in business and created cheap and affordable air travel for customers to travel the world. From a small start the entrepreneur out of the share invested in Volkswagen became the source of capital. In the industry, Sawada desired to expand and spread to the global market. It became a challenge as there was increased competition as well as regulations from airline authorities from parent nations especially China. In creating 'worldwide procedure', it is Sawada recognized three types of universal extension that emerge from an organization's assets, abilities and current global position. However, since the organization is still fundamentally centered on its home markets, then its procedures outside its home markets can be seen as global Case 4: Managing in Asia-Pacific Management of corporation from different location is difficult and challenging. However with use of emergent technologies, one can manage and reinforce face to face encounters with the employees. Additionally, cultures differences play a role. As a manager one is required to learn and adopt another regions culture so as to ensure good management. Maturity of markets as well bring out the differences in management challenges. The challenges that get encountered are adding value, creation of a global new market, and resource allocation. However the logistics of operating in Asia is more than those of operating in Australia owing to the differences in the market maturity and different product mix. Case 5: Modernizing require difficult decisions The modernization calls for difficult decisions. The larger issue is the way to manage the business for future eras. Meeting that test will require troublesome choices that will influence recipients, suppliers, and citizens. Nonetheless, the financing issue ought not cloud other essential difficulties. ERP present expense imparting courses of action don't energize the effective utilization of administrations without disheartening fundamental consideration. Besides, the absence of disastrous scope can abandon a few recipients at risk for considerable. Changes in ERP project administration could enhance both the conveyance of services to recipients and the program's capacity to pay suppliers suitably. Some perspective rebuilding of the relationship between parts A and B as an essential component of general organization change. In a general sense, surveying the new project overall is an imperative initial phase in tending to ERP 's difficulties. Answers for large portions of these diffi culties could be made without rebuilding. Be that as it may, rebuilding may give chances to execute coveted changes. Part B The Principles of Management Administration standards are rules for the choices and activities of supervisors. They were inferred from perception and investigation of occasions confronted in real practice. The principles are the crucial, basic components that structure the establishments of fruitful administration. As per Henry (2012) there are fourteen 'standards of administration'. These can be utilized to start and support the courses of action of progress, association, choice making, aptitude administration and the general perspective of the administration capacity (Henry, 2012). The management principles are enumerated below. Division of Work: The specialization of the workforce as per the aptitudes of an individual, making particular individual and expert advancement inside the work power and in this way expanding profit; prompts specialization which builds the productivity of work. By dividing a little piece of work, the specialists speed in its execution increments. This guideline is relevant to both specialized and, in addition, managerial work can be put forth valuable in the defense of task works as well. Power and Responsibility: The issue of charges took after by obligation regarding their results. Power implies the privilege of a better than give improve request to his subordinates; obligation implies commitment for execution. This standard recommends that there must be equality in the middle of power and obligation. They are coexisting and go together, and are two sides of the same coin. Also, the power must be equivalent to the obligation. Discipline: Control eludes to compliance, fitting lead in connection with others, admiration of power, and so on. It is key to the smooth working of all associations. This will likewise help shape the way of life inside the association. Solidarity of Command: This rule expresses that each subordinate ought to get requests and be responsible to unparalleled one predominant. In the event, that a worker gets requests from more than one prevalent, it is liable to make perplexity and conflict. Unity of Command additionally makes it less demanding to alter the obligation regarding mistakes and the power ought to be equivalent to the obligation Solidarity of Direction: Every one of those working in the same line of action must comprehend and seek after the same destinations. All related exercises ought to be put under one gathering, there ought to be one arrangement of activity for them, and they ought to be under the control of one administrator. It looks to guarantee the solidarity of activity, centering of endeavors and coordination of quality. The administration must set aside individual contemplations and put organization goals first. In this way, the diversions of objectives of the association must beat the individual hobbies of people. Compensation: Laborers must be paid sufficiently as this is a boss inspiration of workers and accordingly enormously impacts profit. The quantum and routines for compensation payable ought to be reasonable, sensible and compensating of exertion. Compensation is paid to the specialist according to their ability and benefit. The fundamental target of an association is to augment the riches and the net benefit too. For this reason, the association has paid wages, pay, and profit to their staff appropriately and experimentally so that authoritative proficiency can be guaranteed. The Degree of Centralization: The measure of force wielded by the focal administration relies on upon organization size. Centralization infers the convergence of choice is making power at the top administration. Imparting of power to lower levels is called decentralization. The association ought to strive to accomplish a fitting parity. Scalar Chain: It alludes to the chain of bosses running from top administration to the least rank. The standard recommends that there ought to be a reasonable line of power through and through connecting all chiefs at all levels. It is viewed as a hierarchy of leadership. It includes an idea called a "pack board" utilizing which a subordinate may contact a predominant or his unrivaled occurrence, defying the progressive system of control however the prompt bosses must be educated about the matter Value: Workers must be dealt with merciful, and equity must be ordered to guarantee a simply working environment. Administrators ought to be reasonable and fair when managing workers, giving equivalent consideration towards all representatives. Activity: Utilizing the activity of representatives can add quality and new thoughts to an association. Activity from workers is a wellspring of quality for association as it gives new and better thoughts. Representatives are liable to take more noteworthy enthusiasm for the working of the association. Managers Challenges of a business in the twenty first century Absurd client desires: Probably, your organization gives a superior level of client administration than it did five years prior possibly better than it did simply a year back. Do your clients thank you for it? Not under any condition. They judge you not by the extent to which you've enhanced, however against their desires. Because of your rivals and on account of the web, these desires are continually expanding frequently to outlandish levels. Social networking and the web: Is it true that you are a bit incredulous about this online networking stuff particularly Twitter? Correct, that used to be me. This is the thing that altered my opinion: who impacts you more, formal organization publicizing or what your companions and other individuals like you say in regards to an item or administration? That is the reason online networking is huge and will just get greater. Business pioneers who don't get it will battle. Adaptable working: As thrifty times proceed with why would any association need to pay for business locales and work areas that are unused a fraction of the time? In the event that your organization hasn't yet moved towards adaptable working it soon will. Adaptable hours, adaptable working environment (counting homeworking) and adaptable contracts Maintainability: The hard actualities of climbing vitality costs and environmental change from one viewpoint, and the convictions and estimations of Gen Y on the other are driving each association to the windup more maintainable. Getting to be feasible while keeping on making benefits is a real test for each association and each pioneer. Accomplishing more with less: Whether you live in quickly developing China or retreat hit Europe the times of hierarchical iniquity are over. Each business is figuring out how to do a considerable measure more with a ton less, and the best pioneers will be the individuals who can triumph with cheats The Challenge of Information Society: One can no more deny that mechanical advances have driven the entire world into a subjectively new time. Data society is simply dawning despite everything we can scarcely intuit the way it will exhaustively change the worldwide scene of business. Yet the actualities are clear and evident. Whatever we can consider in our personalities we can enter into the machine. Whatever we can enter into the machine, we can transmit through the web. Hence all mental work could be possible through the web. All occupations that oblige mental work have risen above the conventional office set up. They can be absolutely found on the internet. This has huge ramification s for creation and job plans around the world. In what capacity will enterprises cut expenses and amplify benefits by considering in these open doors? The Challenge of the Global Financial Crisis: The latest worldwide budgetary emergency has smashed a considerable measure of myths about the frameworks we have idealized for quite a while. The recurrence, the expanding power and the apparently cyclic nature of the emergency, have disintegrated the certainty as well as has set discriminating issues to the fore. Our routines in money related theory and the subsidiaries market should now experience a genuine audit from a multi viewpoint, interdisciplinary, and worldwide scale. The world can no more bear the cost of an alternate emergency of such expansiveness and extent. Yet as the Chinese saying goes, for each emergency, there is an open door. In the event that we will be sharp enough, we can see a splendid side to these. One must be interested in a considerable measure of thoughts. For one, the web is giving a way out of the emergency in the territory of outsourcing. An alternate is that it is making ready for a worldwide coordinatio n and instrument to envision issues in the business. Shockingly, organizations, banks, commercial ventures, and governments need to facilitate and interlink on a deeper level to deflect an alternate money related emergency. The Challenge of the Environment: There is presently a worldwide experimental agreement that the issue of an Earth-wide temperature boost is genuine. The sooner organizations can acknowledge this, the better. This is critical to have the capacity to roll out convenient and discriminating improvements. For all the pride and grandness of our present day mechanical society, we are still no match when the essential strengths of nature start to shake us. Mankind is undermined by a natural time bomb. Organizations need to act quickly to rally for the survival of our species. Managers Resources in the Solutions to Challenges There is need of reevaluating the philosophical establishments of administration towards a higher and nobler reason. Guarantee that the work of administration fills a higher need" is the first in the rundown of administration difficulties. Sale et al., (2014) rightly brings up that the conventional objective of expanding shareholder riches is "insufficient in numerous regards on the grounds that it "fails to offer the ability to completely assemble human energies. And in this manner, tomorrow's administration hones must spotlight on the accomplishment of socially noteworthy and honorable objective. However in the corporate world it is insufficient to have honorable and exciting objectives. The organization ought to additionally be inventive and versatile. This obliges expanding the mental skylines of administration with bits of knowledge from "fields as differing from human studies, political science, urban arranging and philosophy." There must additionally be a radical change in the dialect and practice of administration from unremarkable and uninspiring phrasing or goals like "effectiveness", or "playing point", to "deeper, soul mixing standards, for example, honor, truth, affection, equity and excellence" which have "since a long time ago motivated individuals to remarkable accomplishments and can never again be consigned to the edge of administration (Sale et al., 2014). Moreover, there is the necessity of updating the association into a more open and vote based and comprehensive group. There must be a more prominent offering and dissemination of force, information, data into all the parts of the association at each level of the professional pecking order, which implies more prominent strengthening of the individuals in the lower levels of chain of command, particularly with the cutting edge workers who are in immediate contact with the client. Technique making ought to move far from a top-down methodology done and forced on all by a world class few at the upper levels of the association towards a base up procedure which empowers each representative to take an interest in developing the system. Essentially choice making, critical thinking and development frameworks of the association must have the capacity to bridle the "aggregate shrewdness of the whole association."(Jeston, Nelis, 2014). Additionally, reexamining initiative and control towards a fair directing toward oneself force structure. Pioneers without bounds must have the capacity to make the environment which prompts organization toward oneself and control oneself among the workers as opposed to a forced control from about through consistence to leads, or dread of discipline. The pioneer must have the capacity to make a high-trust society which unleashes the imagination of individuals. He or she must depend less on power or position and all the more on imparted vision, values and reason. With respect to, Giacalone, Rosenfeld, (2013) states: "The conventional hierarchical pyramid must be supplanted by a regular progressive system where status and impact relate to commitment as opposed to the position." (Giacalone, Rosenfeld, 2013). Reexamining administration instruction and preparing towards an all the more right-cerebrum consideration. The customary administration of training and preparing depend intensely on left-cerebrum considering, deductive thinking and scientific considering. The directors without bounds oblige an alternate set of abilities focused around the working of the right-mind like comprehensive (Aziz, Ahmad, 2013). Conclusion The ramifications of the future developmental basic for business and administration are the space of vision, mission and qualities associations need to find a higher reason which can move and trigger this higher development inside the association. There must be a more noteworthy consideration regarding the advancement of the ethical, stylish, natural and profound staffs and possibilities of workers which will prompt their higher development. References Aziz, T., Ahmad, A. (2013). An evaluation of business improvement through quality management principles in SMEs. International Journal of Quality and Innovation, 2(2), 193-216. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Cengage Learning. Drucker, P. (2013). People and performance. Routledge. Giacalone, R. A., Rosenfeld, P. (Eds.). (2013). Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Henry, O. (2012). Henry Fayol (1841-1925): State Reform as Entrepreneurship. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014). Business process management. Routledge. Sale, P. F., Agardy, T., Ainsworth, C. H., Feist, B. E., Bell, J. D., Christie, P., ... Sheppard, C.

Two Nation Theory free essay sample

We can define nation as a people who have some common attributes of race, language, religion or culture and united and organized by the state and by common sentiments and aspiration. A nation becomes so only when it has a spirit or feeling of nationality. A nation is a culturally homogeneous social group, and a politically free unit of the people, fully conscious of its psychic life and expression in a tenacious way. Nationality Mazzini said: â€Å"Every people has its special mission and that mission constitutes its nationality†. Nation and Nationality differ in their meaning although they were used interchangeably. A nation is a people having a sense of oneness among them and who are politically independent. In the case of nationality it implies a psychological feeling of unity among a people, but also sense of oneness among them. The sense of unity might be an account, of the people having common history and culture. But nationality largely requires the element of political independence either achieved or aspired. Secondly, a nation must have a political organization of passionate desire for such an organization. But a nationality is a political, cultural, spiritual and unified community of a people. A. E. Zimmern said: â€Å"Nationality, like religion, is subjective, psychological, a condition of mind, a spiritual possession, a way of feeling, thinking and living†. Two Nation Theory The two-nation theory in its simplest way means that cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the Sub-continent. These differences of outlook, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of the sub-continent into two independent states. The two-nation theory means that the Hindus and the Muslims are two different nations. On the basis of two-nation theory the Quaid-i-Azam demanded the partition of India into two states, a Muslim state to be called Pakistan and the other Hindu India that is Bharat. Evolution of Two Nation Theory Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered some part of India and after that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam. The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. Thus a strong Muslim community had emerged in India who had its own way of life, traditions, heroes, history and culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the pure Islamic character and save it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired conversions to Islam. The British won over the Muslim rulers due to the industrial and scientific developments and modern war strategy. The War of Independence (1857) was a shattering setback to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the rebellion by the British. The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus. This was one of the outstanding motivations that paved the way to declare the separate identity of nationalism, the Muslim nationalism. The Muslim scholars sought to reform the teaching of Islamic law and to promote its application in a Muslim society. The prominent name among them is Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) who awakened and guided his community well in time. His educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the best means of social mobility for the Muslim gentry under colonial rule. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement under the British. The Congress worked and helped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in position to involve into the anti-government activities. It has been argued that Sir Syeds fear of Hindu domination sowed the seeds for the Two Nations Theory later espoused by the All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the Muslims of India. Sir Syed argued that modern education and non-political activities might be the key to Muslim advancement. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leadership who could protect the Muslims’ rights on the Western political lines. All India Muslim League had been founded in Dhaka to promote loyalty to the British and to protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of ‘separate electorates’ was put forward to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Two-Nation Theory In beginning Sir Syed believed in Indian Nationalism but later due to Hindi-Urdu controversy, Sir Syed’s faith in a united India was shaken and he began to advocate the two nation theory. He made the Muslims realize that they are separate nation. Their religion is very powerful. Muslims should demand for separate homeland of their own. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim leader who used the word â€Å"NATION† for the Muslims of Sub-continent. According to Sir Syed in India there exist two nations, the Hindus and Muslims. They could not live together and that as the time would pass the hostility between the two-nation would grow. Sir Syed was of the view that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations because their religion, history, culture and civilization were different from each other. Sir Syed’s political views could be summed up as: 1. That India was a continent, not a country. 2. That it was inhabited by a vast population of different races and different creeds. 3. That among these, Hindus and Muslims, were the major nations on the basis of nationality, religion, customs, cultures, cultural and historical traditions. 4. After the British quit, they could not share the political power equally. That was simply impossible and inconceivable. 5. The Indian National Congress was not acceptable to the Muslims. 6. Muslims could not accept a democratic set up of western type because with a one to four ratio of population, they could be enslaved by the Hindus. 7. There would be a disastrous civil war if the Congress persisted in its policy of yoking together the two nations. The above discuss leads us to conclude that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the staunch believer and eminent preacher to Two-Nation Theory; on account of which, he may be called the real founder to two-Nation Theory in sub-continent. Allama Iqbal and Two-Nation Theory Allama Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher and a politician. Iqbal had a sensitive heart and a deep-thinking inquisitive mind. He was dismayed at the pathetic conditions of the Muslims in general and of the Indian Muslims in particular. Allama Iqbal delivered historical address at Allahabad. â€Å"The units of Indian society are not territorial as in the European countries. India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their behaviour is not at all determined by a common race-consciousness. † Under such circumstances, Allama Iqbal proposed a separate state of the Muslims. In his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the Muslim League in 1930, he said: â€Å"Personally I would go further†¦. I would like to see the Punjab, North WestFrontierProvince, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a single consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of North WestIndia. † Allama Iqbal claimed that the Muslims were a separate nation in every respect. His own words in this regard were as follows: We have a population of seven crore among all nations of the sub-continent, we are the most united. In fact, of all the nations inhabiting the country, Muslims are the only true nation according to the most modern definition of the world. † In short the prophecy of Iqbal acted as a spur for the Muslims of India who craved out an independent state Pakistan for themselves, Seventee n years later (Allahabad Address 1930) on 14th August 1947. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Two-Nation Theory Quaid-e-Azam’s struggle also based on two-nation theory: Quaid-e-Azam said: Difference in India between the two major nations, the Hindus and the Muslims are thousand times greater when compared with the continent of Europe. † Quaid-e-Azam further said: â€Å"India is not a national state. India is not a country but a Sub-continent composed of nationalities, the two major nations being Hindus and the Muslims whose culture and civilizations, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and proportion, laws and jurisprudence, social moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, outlook on life and of life are fundamentally different. By all canons of international law we are nation. † In 1940, Muslim League embraced the creed of Chaudhry Rehmat Ali and the historic session on March 23, 1940 in Lahore demanded the establishment of Pakistan. On that occasion, Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address said: â€Å"Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders†¦ The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither inter-marry nor inter-dine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. † He refuted the claim of All Indian Nation Congress that India had only one single nation, in the name of Indian by the following statement. The history of the last twelve hundred years has failed to achieve the unity and has witnessed, India always divided into Hindu India and Muslim India. Quaid-e-Azam made the English ruler realize the fundamental deep rooted spiritual economic, social and political differences. He said that their efforts would frustrate which they were making to bind all Indians through central Government. Importance of Two Nation Theory The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India. There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority. Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards.

Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany Essay Example

Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany Paper The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28th, 1919. It took David Lloyd-George, Prime Minister of Britain, Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, and Thomas Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States of America, six months to negotiate this peace treaty. I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was reasonable, mostly fair but sometimes unfair as well, as Germany had annexed parts of other countries and it was only fair to give those parts back to their original country, also Germany invaded Belgium, a neutral country, destroying it. However, it was unfair that Germans who lived in parts of Germany, such as Posen and near Danzig, were not allowed to be German or a part of Germany, while for example Poles who had been living in Germany before the Treaty of Versailles, now had their own country, Poland. According to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to lose 10 percent of its land and all of its colonies1. Germans did not like this; however, Germany had annexed Alsace- Lorraine, two rich industrial parts of France after the Franco- Prussian wars in 1870 and 1871, and in 1918 after Russia had signed the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk, Germany took 35 percent of Russias land together with most of its industry. Germans were now thinking that losing 10 percent was a lot, when before they had had no problem with forcing Russia to lose 35 percent of its land, especially most of its industrial land. We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Treaty of Versailles Unfair to Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Treaty of Versailles now simply commanded Germany to return Alsace- Lorraine to France, the 35 percent of Russia was partly given back to Russia but was also use to form new countries, Schleswig was given to Denmark, West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia were given to Poland2 just to name a few. Article 116 of the Treaty of Versailles states: Germany acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanent and inalienable the independence of all the territories which were part of the former Russian Empire on August 1st, 1914. 3 And article 51 says that: The territories which were ceded to Germany in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on February 26, 1871, and the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, are restored to French sovereignty as from the date of the Armistice of November 11, 1918. The provisions of the Treaties establishing the delimitation of the frontiers before 1871 shall be restored. 4 These article states that Germany shall respect the parts of th e former Russian Empire, which it annexed, now to be free and no longer a part of Germany. The second article states that Alsace- Lorraine shall be returned to France, and that the German and French boundary is to be just like it was before the Franco- Prussia wars. Also articles such as, 83, 87 and 1095 command Germany to give land to Poland, Czechoslovakia and Denmark and establish the new German boarders. On August 4th, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium, which up till then had been a neutral country just like the Netherlands. With this act Germany broke article seven of the 1839 Treaty of London, which stated that: Belgium, within the limits specified in Articles I, II, and IV, shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State. It shall be bound to observe such neutrality towards all other States. 6 However, the German army went through Belgium plundering and terrorizing- they shot civilians, burned down towns, raped women and children7, while trying to full fill the Schlieffen Plan. The German army did not only do this to Belgium, but to all other countries they invaded, but Belgium is simply one of the most known as it marked the begin of World War One. As a result it is quite fair that Germany had to pay 132 billion German marks8 for the reparations of World War One, after they went through a country destroying it and its people, invaded other countries such as Russia and France, doing the same there. However, you can also look from the other side, Germany didnt only have to pay for the damage it made, but also for the damage the British, the French, the Russians, the Americans and everyone else who fought in the war made. But Germany was one of the strongest, on of the richest country and the USA, Britain and France could not let Germany stay too powerful. I still believe that this was not too harsh on Germany, as Germany caused a lot of damage and started the war, and now had to pay. One of Woodrow Wilsons fourteen points was self- determination. This meant that he wanted every nationality to be able to rule themselves, in their own country9. As a fact, this point was incorporated in the Treaty of Versailles leading to the creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and to the recreation Poland. Czechoslovakia was mostly made up of mostly Czechs (seven million) and Slovaks (two million). However, there were also seven hundred thousand Hungarians, four hundred fifty thousand Ukrainians and three and a half million Germans living in Czechoslovakia10. Yugoslavia was mostly made up of Serbs, Macedonians, Croats, Slovenes and Bosnians11. Poland was recreated but around thirty percent of its population was not Polish, but Russian or German or Jewish,12 to name some. Due to the Treaty these Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, Macedonians and Slovenes, all got their own country, which they could rule. This was self- determination. However, the Germans living in Czechoslovakia were not allowed to be German and they were not allowed to live in their own country and be ruled by Germans. These Germans had to be Czechoslovakian, which a majority of the Germans did not want to be as many wanted to live inside Germany. The same thing happened with Poland and the Polish Corridor. The Germans living near Danzig, in the Polish Corridor, now no longer were German but Polish instead. This was basically against Woodrow Wilsons point of Self- determination, as these Germans were not allowed to live in their own country and to be their own nationality. Therefore I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was mostly fair but also a bit unfair, due to the fact that Germany had annexed parts of, for example France and Russia and it was nothing but fair, that Germany had to return this land. Also Germany started World War One or at least the actual fighting, by invading the neutral state of Belgium, demolishing it. And lastly, and the reason why I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was a bit unfair, because Germans living in parts of Germany that were given to another country, were not allowed to rule themselves, or to live in their own country going against the point of self- determination in the Treaty of Versailles. All in all I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was reasonable. References http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/partiii.asp http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/london1839.htm https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/1004/Germany-finishes-paying-WWI-reparations-ending-century-of-guilt

Primitivism Essay free essay sample

Paul Gauguin is said to have always felt like an ‘other’, a primitive and therefore in his later years set out in search of a pure society that was close to nature and free from the corruption of civilisation. ‘Gauguin is traditionally cast as the founding father of modernist primitivism. ’ (Solomon-Godeau, A. 1989. pp314) His many works explore and express his desire to find authenticity and to ‘become a savage’. Similar to Gauguin, Emil Nolde seeks to return to a oneness with nature, in an attempt to bridge German’s past with its future. Using traditional German forms of art such as folk art and craft and combining this with that of modern images, using loose brushstrokes to create an earthy and natural feel to his works. Nolde was a part of the German Expressionism movement which sought to unshackle their civilisation and return to nature and freedom. â€Å"Primitive peoples create their works with the material itself in the artist’s hand, held in his fingers. We will write a custom essay sample on Primitivism Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Nolde, 1934) This statement by Nolde explores tactility and the idea of the power of expression in such simple forms, which is what Nolde explains to be a contributing factor as to why artists are so drawn to the works of the primitive peoples. These simple, natural works are intense in their expression of power and meaning thus providing artist such as Nolde and Gauguin with inspiration and direction for their works, showing them how to create simple yet expressive works of art that are moving and captivating to the viewer. Emil Nolde, ‘In the paintings by which he is best known, ‘primitive’ figure types are used to evoke emotional and religious themes. ’ (Harrison, C Wood, P. 1992. ) Emil Nolde’s works such as ‘Dance Around the Golden Calf’ (1910) and ‘St Mary of Egypt’ (1912) show this expressive form of painting, with loose brushstrokes and wide use of colour creating a very rhythmic and sensuous painting. These works are representative of Nolde’s move to a oneness with nature as it can be seen that the expression and movement within ‘Dance Around the Golden Calf‘ is very natural and flows. St Mary of Egypt’ uses a wide range of colour and loose brushstrokes to create an incredibly expressive and bold artwork. It is clear to see that Emil Nolde is influenced by the works of primitive peoples as his works are simple yet largely expressive and moving in their aesthetics. Emil Nolde was seen to be very political in his time and was very outspoken with his ideals of art. He ‘attacked the scientific approach to tribal art that ignores its aesthetic potential. While â€Å"Coptic, Early Christian, Greek terracottas and vases, Persian and Islamic art† have been admitted to the canons of high art, he complains, â€Å"Chinese and Japanese art are still classified under ethnography and primitive art is ignored altogether†(Lloyd, J. 1985. pp. 46) This statement shows that the art of primitive people was yet to be considered ‘art’ by the society at that time, therefore by such well known artists as Emil Nolde and Paul Gauguin using non-European cultures as inspiration for their works would have lead to the change in attitudes towards the art of the primitive peoples. Perhaps informing people of its true artistic qualities and lending society to the idea that primitive art should indeed be considered art. Nolde was very political in his manners and rejected any mixing of races, in art as well as in life. ‘The Roman Empire, he tells us, never produced art of real value since it was an amalgam of nations. To this remarkable statement he adds the following observation: ‘England in many respects to be compared with the Roman Empire like all Germanic people once had great art, poetry, and wonderful music. But after the immigration of Spanish Jews the country became materialistic, concerned only with power and possessions. Its interests spanned the whole world and went all directions, and what remains now is a nation almost impotent in the arts. ’ (Ettlinger, L. 1968. pp. 200) Although these were his views and opinions, Nolde was still heavily influenced by non-European cultures weaving many references to these cultures throughout his works. Paul Gauguin, like Emil Nolde, used a vast range of colours and wove a flowing feel throughout his works symbolic of the freedom and natural qualities found amongst these non-European cultures they so highly treasured. ‘The Polynesian titles he gave most of his Tahitian works were intended to represent himself to his European market, as well as his friends, as one who had wholly assimilated the native culture. In fact, and despite his lengthy residence, Gauguin never learned to speak the language, and most of his titles were either colonial pidgin or grammatically incorrect. ’ (Godeau. pp. 325) This statement by Solomon-Godeau shows that although Paul Gauguin has set out to return to his primitive ways and ‘become a savage’, he was still programmed to thinking like that of someone from the bourgeois society, unable to fully comprehend the traditions and culture of these primitive people. Gauguin’s works such as ‘Two Women on a Beach’ (1891) and ‘Merahi metua no Tehamana (Tehamana Has Many Ancestors)’ (1893) both explore this natural and pure lifestyle that Gauguin sort to find amongst the Tahitians, whilst also juxtaposing the French impression of their culture and their influence with the use of the European clothes that these women wear. Within the work ‘Two Women on a Beach’ Gauguin’s use of loose, free brushstrokes emphasises the fact that the women are close to nature, they look as though they are carved out of wood. However, these women are also seen to be out of place in their environment as their stances seem somewhat awkward and uncomfortable and the image has been cropped making it feel as though they don’t fit in the image. Both are seen to be wearing missionary dresses/European clothes and are weaving, representing the French’s view of the Tahitian women, lazy, close to nature and savage. Gauguin’s work ‘Tehamana Has Many Ancestors’, similar to that of ‘Two Women on a Beach’, depicts a girl (Tehamana) seated wearing European clothes, holding a woven fan with flowers threaded throughout her hair. Tehamana, like the women in ‘Two Women on a Beach’, also seems somewhat out of place and as though she does not fit within this image. The references to her savage lineage, through the use of the paintings on the wall behind her and the petrogliphs reinforces the fact that like many other Tahitians, Tehamana ‘had no relation to her former traditions. ’ (Godeau. pp. 326) The images of Tahitian women wearing European clothing emphasises and makes reference to the Catholic, Mormon and Calvinist missionaries that had been at work in Tahiti for many years before Gauguin had travelled over to Tahiti. The authenticity that Gauguin had set out to discover had diminished, therefore ‘Gauguin did not paint Tahiti, but his Tahitian dream. ’ (Staszak, J. 2004. pp. 353) These images highlighted the fact that the Tahitian’s ‘pre-European culture had been effectively destroyed. ’ (Godeau. pp. 324) ‘Not only had the indigenous religion been eradicated, but the handicrafts, barkcloth production, art of tattoo and music had equally succumbed to the interdiction of the missionaries or the penetration of European Products. The bright-coloured cloth used for clothing, bedding and curtains that Gauguin depicted was of European design and manufacture. ’ (Godeau. pp. 324) Paul Gauguin, Emil Nolde and many artists alike have been vastly influenced by the works of primitive peoples, borrowing certain aspects of their culture and art in order to gain inspiration for their own works and expand their expressive capabilities within their art works. The fact that these artists are well known for their works relating to the primitive that have drawn inspiration from non-European, ‘savage’ cultures emphasises this notion that indeed art by primitive peoples should be considered a true art form. Reference List Ettlinger, L. D. â€Å"German Expressionism and Primitive Art,† The Burlington Magazine Vol. 110 No. 781 (1968): pp. 200, accessed May 8, 2012. http://www. jstor. org. wwwproxy0. library. unsw. edu. au/stable/pdfplus/875584. pdf? acceptTC=true Lloyd, J. â€Å"Emil Noldes Still Lifes, 1911-1912: Modernism, Myth, and Gesture,† Anthropology and Aesthetics No. (1985): pp. 46, accessed May 8, 2012. http://www. jstor. org. wwwproxy0. library. unsw. edu. au/stable/pdfplus/20166722. pdf Harrison, C. , Wood, P. Eds. , â€Å"Emil Nolde ‘On Primitive Art’,† Art in Theory 1900-1990, 1992. Solomon-Godeau, A. â€Å"Paul Gauguin and the Invention of Primitivist Modernism,† Art in America , July 1989. (pp. 314,325,326,342) Staszak, J. F. â€Å"Primitivism and the other. History of art and cultural geography,† GeoJournal Vol. 60 No. 4 (2004): pp. 353, accessed May 8, 2012. http://www. jstor. org. wwwproxy0. library. unsw. edu. au/stable/pdfplus/41147901. pd

Polonius is an interesting Essays

Polonius is an interesting Essays Polonius is an interesting Paper Polonius is an interesting Paper Essay Topic: Interesting The characters play important roles in Shakespeares Hamlet. Each character is unique in his of her contribution to the entire play. Without certain characters, the play would not have the same effect. Polonius is an interesting and complicated character who plays an important part in Hamlet. Although he is not one of the main characters, Polonius serves as the nosy chief counselor to King Claudius. Poloniuss destructive personality and meddling behavior leads to his fatal end. Poloniuss first extended speaking scene is in Act I, Scene 3. In this scene, Laertes is speaking to his sister Ophelia about Hamlets attention towards her. He warns her to protect her virtues. Polonius arrives and reminds his son that he should be on his way to Paris. Right after Laertes leaves, Polonius turns to his daughter and asks her what they were discussing before he entered the room. Although it may be common for a father to be concern with his daughters life, Polonius did not act concerned- just ignorant and criticizing. The lack of Poloniuss concern can be read in his responses to Ophelia. Right after she reveals that they were talking about Hamlet, Polonius criticized her. When Ophelia explains to her father that Laertes was concerned about Hamlets late made many tenders (1. 3. 108), Polonius just scoffs at the idea of Hamlet being attentive towards her. His words are blunt and unkind. He calls Ophelia a woodcock (1. 3. 124), which is a gullible bird. Polonius does not consider his daughters feelings for Hamlet. He continues to warn her to conduct herself well so she does not make him appear a fool. He forbids her from seeing Hamlet for the wrong, selfish reasons. In this scene, Poloniuss character displays a selfish nature where he only cares about his image. His rudeness to his daughter shows that he does not care about her. Instead, he is suspicious that she might ruin his reputation and that Hamlet has the worst intentions for Ophelia. Polonius is selfish, suspicious, and uncaring. The suspicious trait later plays a part in Claudiuss death when he is trying to find out the reason behind Hamlets insanity. Polonius is meddling in his sons life in Act II, Scene 1. Before Laertes departs to Paris, Polonius gave him some last words of advice. Polonius reminds him thou canst not be false to any man (1. 3. 83) and to thine own self be true (1.3. 84). Polonius is asking his son to be honorable and virtuous. Polonius is hypocritical for giving his son this advice because he is not trusting of his own son. After his son leaves, he sends Reynaldo to follow Laertes to Paris to find out how he is conducting himself. Polonius does not trust his son and does the dishonorable thing of sending a spy. Why would Polonius give Laertes fatherly advice and still not trust his son? This shows another weakness of Polonius. He cannot learn to trust others. He is a hypocrite for asking his son to be honorable when he cannot listen to his own advice. Polonius is proven not to be an honorable man and this ironically is how he was killed. Polonius did the unthinkable act of spying and eavesdropping on a private conversation and is killed. If Polonius had listen to his own advice to his son, Polonius would have never mettle in Hamlets life and continually spy on him. Poloniuss job is to be King Claudiuss chief counselor. Part of the job description is to help Claudius sort out information and make wise decisions. But there are moments when it seems as though Polonius wants to make the final word, as oppose to letting Claudius make the final decision. This shows that Polonius likes to meddle in other peoples business, including his own kings life. Polonius does not let other people live their lives without his words. Being nosy is the reason why Polonius got involved with Hamlets sanity issue and leads Polonius to his death later in the play. In Act II, Scene 2, Polonius suggests a reason for Hamlets sudden lunacy. He believes the reason is that Ophelia refuses to see Hamlet and that alone has driven Hamlet into madness. Polonius devises a plan where he will let Ophelia talk to Hamlet. During their encounter, Polonius and Claudius will observe the situation from a hidden area. From this encounter, Polonius ensures Claudius that they will find the true reason for Hamlets madness. Poloniuss insensitivity towards Ophelias situation is shown when he uses her for his personal plans. He does not take her feelings into consideration and uses her as a prop to impress Claudius. But Poloniuss plan did not please Claudius. After watching the couple interacts, Claudius is now convinced that love is not the cause of Hamlets craziness. Dissatisfied that the King did not agree with his theory, Polonius urges one last attempt to find out Hamlets secret. Polonius is desperate to convince the King that his theory is right. Polonius wants to please Claudius, but he also does not want to be wrong. As a counselor, he should be obedient to the King. Instead, he tries to control Claudius by ignoring Claudiuss theory and convinces him to give one last attempt to find the whole truth. Little did he know his last meddling in Hamlets life would be a fatal one. Poloniuss life ends tragically. While hiding behind the arras and eavesdropping on Hamlet and Queen Gertrude, Polonius is convinced the truth would be revealed. Polonius is meddling in Hamlets life by getting involved in a situation that has nothing to do with him. During Hamlets and Gertrudes conversation, she is frightened by Hamlet which prompts Polonius to echo a cry out for help. Thinking Polonius was the king, Hamlet thrusts his rapier into the arras and kills him, whom Hamlet describes as a fool (3. 4. 38). Even Hamlet recognizes that Poloniuss death is avoidable if only he had stayed out of everyones personal business. Poloniuss sudden death is caused by his nosy, meddling ways. He is out to seek the truth about Hamlet and, ironically, is killed by Hamlet. If Polonius stopped meddling in Hamlets life in Act II, Scene 1, he would still be alive to be by the Kings side. Instead, he forces his way into finding secrets that do not involves him and ends up dead. Poloniuss destructive and prying personality is what kills him. Polonius plays an important role in Shakespeares play Hamlet. He meddles in other characters lives. He also sticks his nose into others situations. He is a selfish, suspicious, dishonorable, and nosy. These qualities are destructive and that is why his life ended so tragically. Poloniuss early death foreshadows the other characters deaths later in the play.

How to Write a Communications Essay Full Guide

How to Write a Communications Essay Full Guide Communication is something we all do every day – it is something that doesn’t seem to be complex or complicated enough to require its own academic discipline to be studied. Nevertheless, there is one, and it can show your communication from many angles you haven’t considered before – which is why writing a communications essay is always such a novel and challenging experience for students irrespectively of their academic level. A good communications essay combines data from the fields of sociology, anthropology, ethics, performance studies and a number of other fields. To make matters more complicated, communications isn’t a homogenous field by itself – it can be further subdivided into rhetoric, business, interpersonal, media, organizational and other types of communications, each complete with its own set of principles, authorities and research methods. Normally you should concentrate on a single field in your work, but keep in mind that none of them exists in complete isolation from the others. Selecting Your Topic The choice of topic for you to write about mostly depends on whether you are allowed some degree of freedom or your topic is assigned to you by your instructor. For the purpose of this guide, we presume that you are free to write about whatever you want – however, be aware that even when your choice of topics is limited, usually you can alter your assignment enough to make it more palatable. If you come to your instructor with intelligent questions and suggestions, he will usually agree to meet you halfway and make some alterations to the original topic. As for the choice of topic as it is, here are some suggestions that can make this process easier: Choose a topic that is interesting and thought-provoking both for you and your intended audience. This way you will be able to write about it without internal resistance, and it will be easier to grasp the attention of the readers; Choose a topic you have a personal opinion about. This doesn’t mean that you can be subjective in your writing – quite the contrary, you have to present all points of view as equally viable. Nevertheless, this will make the process of writing easier and its results more engaging than if you write about something you don’t care about. It will be easier to introduce your individual findings into the body of the text, and it is less likely to end up as a compilation of other people’s ideas; Read as much as possible on the subject before you commit to any particular topic. This way you won’t suddenly find yourself lacking a sufficient number of information sources you can use or supporting an obviously wrong point of view; Communications is a multi-faceted discipline full of contradictions, mostly emerging from the dynamics between traditional face-to-face interactions and new methods of communications, involving smartphones, social media and the like. Using these subjects to compare and contrast between themselves is an abundant source of first-rate and not yet over-researched topics. Here are some good suggestions to give you perspective: Intercultural Communication as a Driving Force behind Societal and Cultural Evolution; Evolution of Media, Propaganda and Censorship; Pragmatic Aspects of TV Discourse; Characteristic Features of Triggering Topics; Social Media as the Main Method of Communication in Modern Society. How to Gather Sources for Your Essay: Tricks of Our Writers Sources are everything in academic writing. Even if you have a strong argument, perfectly researched topic, and sufficient statistics and data to back up your findings but cannot find existing academic papers, books and other sources to support your point, your essay is going to be rejected as not having enough evidence. Academic writing cannot exist in isolation – every academic paper is not a thing in itself but a continuation of a discourse, with everybody who researched this topic in the past being its other participants. However, it is not enough to simply find a source and quote it. You have to pay attention to what you quote. Here are some suggestions you may find useful when looking for data sources for your communications essay: Online academic databases (JSTOR, Google Books, Science.gov) are a good place to start. There you can find both links to individual works and how many each of them was quoted in other academic sources, giving you an immediate indication of how valuable this or that source is; Your instructor, librarians, and digital media specialists are the first people you have to ask for suggestions. Don’t worry, it is their job, and they have plenty of experience in working with both the sources and the subject matter. If your college is big enough, there may be even individual librarians specializing in particular areas of knowledge – find out if there are such experts in your college, they can be of immense help; Study academic journals. They are the best source of the latest research on your topic and are in general considered to be top-quality sources. Each quotation from a high-profile academic journal adds credibility and professional feel to your essay, so make sure the majority of your sources come from them; Look through books on your subject. They are almost as good a source of information as academic journals, but a bit more likely to contain biased information. Writing the Introduction Any communications essay should start with a proof of why you consider your topic to be worthy of research in general and why you believe your own findings concerning the subject matter important enough to write about them. The first few sentences constitute the hook – especially interesting facts or correlations of them to attract the reader’s attention. Writing Your Thesis Statement Thesis statement is, simply said, the gist of your essay, its main idea boiled down to a single sentence (two at most). In it, you state the most important thought behind your entire text – what you want to prove, what you consider to be the most crucial part of your research. It is somewhat similar to the topic of your communications essay, but there is an important difference. The topic points out what your essay is about, e.g., ‘Communication between Representatives of Different Cultures as a Driving Force behind Cultural Development’. The thesis statement is a statement you make about this topic, e.g., ‘Communication between representatives of different cultures invariably leads to cultural diffusion and changes in both cultures taking part in the communication process’. The most important characteristics of the thesis statement is that it should be short, to the point and focused on a single idea. If there is more than one idea to be gleaned out of it, you are likely doing things wrong and weren’t able to make it focused enough. Writing Body Paragraphs: Style Peculiarities Communication essays have to be written in the formal style. Even if the contents of your essay are all right and deserve an excellent grade, you can seriously harm your prospects if you fail to meet the stylistic requirements. You may find full information in your style guide, but here are some of the most important things to consider: Use proper punctuation. Don’t use exclamation marks (to avoid giving your writing an emotional overtone) and ampersand (it is not used in formal writing, except in names of organizations); Avoid colloquialisms. These include all the words marked as so in the dictionary and many expressions used in everyday speech but unacceptable in academic writing, like ‘You know’ or ‘You may be thinking’, as well as the adverb â€Å"pretty† in the meaning â€Å"quite, relatively†. Always check words you are about to use when in doubt; Avoid first and second person pronouns as they can make your writing too personal or emotional. Don’t use expressions like ‘We should’ or ‘I think’ – they don’t mean anything in the academic discourse. Instead, provide viable reasons for certain behavior and persuading arguments in favor of your point of view; Avoid clichà ©s. Some students, in their attempt to be more formal, turn to clichà ©s, which is a wrong approach. Clichà ©s make your writing bland and unoriginal and have to be avoided in any writing style; Don’t use stage directions. Don’t start your essay (or any part of it) with sentences like ‘In my essay, I am going to discuss’ or ‘This essay deals with such ideas as†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Such introductions immediately put your writing on the middle-school level if not lower; Eliminate words with vague meanings. Words like â€Å"good†, â€Å"bad† (good for what? Why?), â€Å"a few† (exactly how many?), â€Å"enough† (for what?) don’t contain any meaning of their own and can mean almost anything in a proper context. When you say something, make sure what you say is direct, definite and devoid of ambiguity; Use proper grammar. While always a good rule to follow, when writing in the academic style you should avoid some things that are normal in more colloquial writing. Some examples are split infinitives (â€Å"to quickly say†), terminal prepositions (â€Å"Whom did you mention it to?†) and sentences starting with conjunctions like â€Å"and† or â€Å"but†. Conclusion The conclusion gives the reader a summary of everything the essay presented up to this point. Here you more or less repeat everything you said in the introduction and see if it all turned out the way you supposed it to do. Did your ideas turn out to be true? Did the findings in the course of research change your original point of view? Do you consider your topic to be a good prospect for further and additional research by other scientists? What avenues of research would you recommend? Why do you consider the results of your work important, what do they change in the field? Revising for Typical Mistakes Here are some of the mistakes students are especially prone to as well as the communications essay tips on how to avoid them. Compiling information from other sources without contributing anything of your own – relying on other authors can be very helpful, especially if you don’t have much to say, but it won’t take you all the way to your destination. You have to possess a healthy balance between your own findings and information borrowed from sources. If your instructor notices that your essay doesn’t contain much in terms of original thought, you won’t receive a good grade; Grammar and spelling mistakes – this goes without saying. Your mastery of English contributes a lot towards your grade, so make sure you proofread your essay carefully. Consider using services of a professional proofreader; Use of colloquial language. Remember, you are writing an academic work, not an email to your friend. There is much more to this rule than just avoiding to use slang and jargon – for example, contractions (‘don’t’, ‘won’t’) and phrasal verbs (â€Å"keep up†, â€Å"put down†) are considered to be attributes of colloquial speech and are to be avoided in formal writing; ‘Dangling’ theories – i.e., any statements that aren’t backed up with facts or statistical data from reliable sources. Always check your essay for these as a part of the revision process; Subjectivity – both in general, if you make it obvious that you support a particular point of view and, for example, omit obvious evidence that would be to its detriment, and in specifics, if you use superlatives and emotionally charged words (â€Å"good†, â€Å"bad†, â€Å"obvious solution†); Skipping the conclusion – you may think that your point is already obvious from everything you’ve said, and as conclusion merely sums up the contents of the rest of the paper it can safely be omitted. However, it is a traditional part of a communications essay, and your assignment won’t be complete without it. After you finish writing, don’t forget to reread your entire paper and see how different parts work together. Rewrite whole paragraphs if necessary; Letting yourself wander off the subject – when you reread your essay during revision, make sure that everything you say is related to your thesis statement and supports your argument. If you find yourself steering away from the main points of discussion, cut these parts mercilessly, no matter how interesting they are. Communications isn’t an easy topic to write about; we hope that this communications essay guide will improve your chances of successfully completing your assignment.